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Development
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Quick Parenting Tips for Each Type

This is a supplement to the Type Development Guide, so I strongly recommend reading it before proceeding. It is not my intention to create a comprehensive parenting resource. This post is only meant to outline the most essential points that I believe parents should keep in mind. If you feel as though you don’t have a good foundation of parenting skills, I have recommended some parenting books on the resources page.

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On Parental Attitude

Parenting is a difficult and complex job. Personality differences make the job even more difficult whenever they prevent parent and child from seeing eye to eye. There are some lessons of type theory that should help ease this divide.

  1. Whether you like it or not, the fact is that children are individuals. They have their own preferences. They have their own unique way of seeing and doing things. They have their own hopes and aspirations. Eventually, they will have their own life outside of yours. Save yourself a lot of grief by not interfering too much with their process of becoming an individual. Each of us has a voice within that guides us toward self-actualization. Collaborate with that voice inside your child to help steer them in the right direction. If you ignore their voice, you run the risk of holding them back from the life that they are meant to live.
  2. Children need more than their parents. In modern times, parenting is done by only one or two people, but this wasn’t always the way. It used to be that parents had the support of an entire village or community. I believe it’s important to get back into the mindset of seeking support and help from outside the family in order to give the child more opportunity to interact with the world at large. This will prevent the alienation of modern life for both parent and child. Being an integral part of a community allows children to explore their future membership in it. Do yourself a favor and relieve your stress by outsourcing tasks every now and then to extended family, friends, other parents, or skilled experts. Let them fill in some gaps for you. Some of the tips provided below are best implemented by people who know how to use the cognitive function well (which might not be the parent), so it is advantageous to surround the child with people of all personality types to learn from.
  3. You are still learning. You haven’t yet fulfilled all of your potential. As a parent, it is natural to take on the role of authority figure, to be the strong one to support the child, and to be the teacher of important lessons. However, you don’t always know the right answer, you can’t always keep yourself perfectly put together, and you don’t have all the knowledge and skills that children may require of you. It’s important to be humble in acknowledging your weaknesses, shortcomings, and limitations. Only then will you have the openness to learn along with your child, together. Working on your own type development makes you less likely to pass on your psychological baggage to your children. By being honest about yourself and your struggles, your child will see that living life well involves constantly learning and growing.
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Differences in Adults vs Children

**Type development is the gradual process of learning more about oneself throughout life**. It is not necessarily a process of trying to become a so-called “better” person. Although betterment is often one of the long term results of type development for adults, it shouldn’t be the main goal, especially for children. You don’t want to focus too much on the concept of “betterment” for children because they haven’t yet developed any “flaws” of personality. You don’t want to inadvertently put the idea in their mind that there is something “wrong” with who they are, nor do you want to put them onto a path of unhealthy perfectionism.

Yes, it’s your job as a parent to reward and punish certain behaviors, but type development is separate from disciplining. To encourage type development in children, a parent ought to observe the child’s behavior and reflect it back to the child in a way that allows them to see certain truths about themself. As they learn more about themself, they begin to take pride in their unique gifts, and hopefully enter adulthood with healthy self-esteem. This process begins with YOU having the ability to appreciate their personality strengths and advantages, even when they are very different from your own.

As explained in the Type Development Guide, cognitive function development should correspond to the order of the functional stack. Since type development doesn’t seem to begin in earnest until a child has certain language and logical thinking abilities, the tips below aren’t suitable for very young children under the age of six or seven. Younger children are mostly preoccupied with environmental exploration and learning basic rules and boundaries.

In childhood (~6-12), the main focus should be learning how to use the dominant function with greater and greater sophistication. In adolescence (~12-18), the main focus should gradually shift to auxiliary function development. **Parents should NOT push children to focus too much on the tertiary or inferior functions**, because their oppositional nature could interfere with higher function development. While I provide tips for all four functions of the stack, remember that the tertiary and inferior function information should be used _sparingly_ and only as necessary to correct little instances of function misuse.

[ordered by Si, Ni, Ti, Fi, Se, Ne, Te, Fe dominants]

ISTJ Children

prominent personality characteristics:

  • focused
  • cautious
  • responsible
  • detailed memory for facts
  • conscientious and consistent
  • very specific and specialized interests

Tips

  • nurture healthy dom Si by honoring the routines and rituals that they need for feeling prepared to tackle problems
  • nurture healthy aux Te by teaching them how to learn efficiently (from mistakes), organize tasks, manage time, and set appropriate benchmarks and goals to strive for
  • nurture healthy tert Fi by teaching them to honor what is right, what is fair, and what is owed to oneself and others
  • nurture healthy inf Ne by challenging them to think of the best possible way of accomplishing their tasks and goals

Because ISTJs must find their own way through life’s problems, it is particularly important to avoid forcing them to move forward before they are ready, or else they might develop unhealthy methods of coping with stress. Give them enough time to thoroughly digest new information.

ISFJ Children

prominent personality characteristics:

  • careful
  • practical
  • helpful
  • thoughtful and diligent
  • respects precedent and authority
  • selective in engagements

Tips

  • nurture healthy dom Si by respecting their comfort zones and encouraging them to use their personal preferences to build a beautiful environment for themselves
  • nurture healthy aux Fe by treating them with kindness, understanding, fairness, and moral integrity, and expecting the same in return
  • nurture healthy tert Ti by teaching them to organize their thoughts and encouraging them to learn the necessary skills for handling problems and difficulties
  • nurture healthy inf Ne by encouraging them to use their imagination for improving the world around them

Because ISFJs are prone to worrying about discomfort, it is particularly important to avoid forcing them into uncomfortable situations, or else they might start to shut down emotionally. Always provide adequate emotional support, skill building opportunities, and/or reassurance about the outcome.

INTJ Children

prominent personality characteristics:

  • serious
  • watchful
  • skeptical
  • individualistic
  • fearless attitude
  • tenacious in pursing personal and intellectual interests

Tips

  • nurture healthy dom Ni by allowing them the freedom to pursue their interests with the focus and intensity that they desire
  • nurture healthy aux Te by teaching them how to learn efficiently (from mistakes), organize tasks, manage time, and set appropriate benchmarks and goals to strive for
  • nurture healthy tert Fi by teaching them to honor what is right, what is fair, and what is owed to oneself and others
  • nurture healthy inf Se by encouraging them to attempt/accept a wider variety of experiences, including mastery of physical skills

Because INTJs usually have a clear idea of what they want, it is particularly important to avoid blocking them from moving forward in life, or else they might develop troubling mood problems. Allow them to prove to you that they are truly ready for more autonomy and let them proceed.

INFJ Children

prominent personality characteristics:

  • sensitive
  • empathetic
  • intellectually curious
  • rich inner life
  • pursuit of ideals
  • earnestly defends personal vision

Tips

  • nurture healthy dom Ni by respecting their ideas, interests, and responding seriously to their questions about the world
  • nurture healthy aux Fe by treating them with kindness, understanding, fairness, and moral integrity, and expecting the same in return
  • nurture healthy tert Ti by teaching them to organize their thoughts and encouraging them to learn the necessary skills for handling problems and difficulties
  • nurture healthy inf Se by being physically affectionate, encouraging activity, and exploring the natural world with them

Because INFJs need an encouraging environment to develop their creative insights, it is particularly important to avoid using emotionally manipulative punishments that induce high levels of fear, guilt, or shame, as this might make them withdraw from the world. Talk with them to discover the real reason behind missteps and work with them to find fair and fitting solutions.

ISTP Children

prominent personality characteristics:

  • grounded
  • even-tempered
  • self-contained
  • casual observer
  • tinkering approach to problems
  • says exactly what they mean

Tips

  • nurture healthy dom Ti by putting their tinkering to good use in fixing/solving everyday problems
  • nurture healthy aux Se by encouraging them to learn hands-on skills that keep them occupied with productive activities
  • nurture healthy tert Ni by helping them see the bigger picture whenever necessary for moving forward or solving a problem in the best way
  • nurture healthy inf Fe by showing them the effects of their behavior in social situations and how to get more positive effects

Because ISTPs like life to be simple and straightforward, it is particularly important to avoid randomly imposing responsibilities upon them without any explanation, or else you might trigger knee-jerk defiance. Always provide solid logical reasoning for your expectations and be willing to address their rebuttals calmly.

INTP Children

prominent personality characteristics:

  • matter-of-fact
  • critical mind
  • pushes limits
  • casual attitude
  • operates on their own time
  • impervious to social pressure

Tips

  • nurture healthy dom Ti by giving them enough personal time and space to pursue their interests on a daily basis
  • nurture healthy aux Ne by encouraging them to envision how a situation could be made better and bring the ideas to life
  • nurture healthy tert Si by being attentive, consistent, reliable, and conscientious, and expecting the same in return
  • nurture healthy inf Fe by explaining to them the importance of being a positive contributor in social situations

Because INTPs operate on their own time, it is particularly important to avoid imposing arbitrary timelines/schedules on them, as failure to meet them will have a negative effect on everyone. Discuss possibilities with them, take their personal needs and expectations into consideration, and create a mutually agreed upon timeline/schedule, so that they feel a stronger sense of responsibility for following it.

ISFP Children

prominent personality characteristics:

  • easygoing
  • playful
  • privately emotional
  • aesthetic quirks
  • enjoys tactile experiences
  • highly devoted to objects of love

Tips

  • nurture healthy dom Fi by giving them space to process feelings and do what is necessary to care for their emotional well-being
  • nurture healthy aux Se by encouraging them to learn hands-on skills that keep them occupied with productive activities
  • nurture healthy tert Ni by helping them see the bigger picture whenever necessary for moving forward or solving a problem in the best way
  • nurture healthy inf Te by teaching them to approach obstacles, challenges, and problems with a more objective attitude

Because ISFPs are largely motivated by their feelings, it is particularly important to avoid invalidating their experience of a situation, or else they might become unwilling to work with you. Listen to their viewpoint, agree that you may have different perspectives on the situation, and focus on what needs to be done to move forward productively from there.

INFP Children

prominent personality characteristics:

  • private
  • vulnerable
  • loyal
  • deeply passionate
  • guided by personal honor and firm values
  • imaginative world builder

Tips

  • nurture healthy dom Fi by honoring their passions and finding a way to participate in their passion projects (when requested)
  • nurture healthy aux Ne by encouraging them to envision how a situation could be made better and bring the ideas to life
  • nurture healthy tert Si by being attentive, consistent, reliable, and conscientious, and expecting the same in return
  • nurture healthy inf Te by encouraging them to set reasonable goals and helping them implement a feasible plan for reaching them

Because INFPs are motivated by idealistic notions, it is particularly important to avoid quashing their dreams or eroding the optimism that they need to sustain long term efforts, or else they might fall into depression or helplessness. Changing direction shouldn’t be about closing doors but, rather, helping them see alternative doors to explore.

ESTP Children

prominent personality characteristics:

  • irreverent
  • materialistic
  • competitive
  • physically active
  • hands all over everything
  • adventurous and risk taking

Tips

  • nurture healthy dom Se by creating a safe space for them to explore and adventure without having to worry about too many rules to follow
  • nurture healthy aux Ti by reviewing mistakes/consequences with them to figure out what went wrong and what needs to change to avoid making the mistake again
  • nurture healthy tert Fe by teaching them to be cooperative and enjoy working with others to produce tangible rewards/benefits
  • nurture healthy inf Ni by encouraging them to slow down and use their imagination to think situations through before jumping in

Because ESTPs are a force to be reckoned with, it is particularly important to avoid creating an oppressive environment for them, or else they might start to perceive you as a tyrant to be rebelled against. Be open to negotiation and compromise and set reasonable boundaries with their input.

ESFP Children

prominent personality characteristics:

  • affable
  • physically expressive
  • loves surprises
  • seeks cute or cuddly sensations
  • unafraid of strangers
  • a genuine free spirit

Tips

  • nurture healthy dom Se by allowing them the freedom to spice up their environment and explore new sensations safely
  • nurture healthy aux Fi by respecting their feelings and encouraging them to take the more honorable road rather than the easier road
  • nurture healthy tert Te by teaching them how to excel at the things they love to do, learning the knowledge and skills that they need along the way
  • nurture healthy inf Ni by encouraging them to slow down and develop a deeper appreciation of the things that interest them

Because ESFPs have innate trust in the world, it is particularly important to avoid saddling them with too many worries, concerns, complexities, or problems than they are ready to handle at once, or else they might act out or start to avoid important matters. When presenting a problem for discussion, respect their feelings about it, and mainly focus on what can be done about it.

ENTP Children

prominent personality characteristics:

  • inquisitive
  • chaotic
  • high energy
  • exudes confidence
  • seeks novelty and excitement
  • enjoys improvising and strategizing

Tips

  • nurture healthy dom Ne by entertaining their questions and giving them resources to learn as much as they want
  • nurture healthy aux Ti by reviewing mistakes/consequences with them to figure out what went wrong and what needs to change to avoid making the mistake again
  • nurture healthy tert Fe by teaching them to be cooperative and enjoy working with others to produce tangible benefits/improvements
  • nurture healthy inf Si by matter-of-factly drawing their attention to important details that they may have overlooked, especially with regard to their physical health/habits

Because ENTPs require a lot of freedom to pursue their interests, it is particularly important to avoid taking away learning opportunities, or else they might start to perceive you as an obstacle to be sidestepped. If they are determined to ignore your rules/advice and make their own mistakes, you might have to allow them to fall, but be there to make sure that they learn the right lesson afterward, and they’ll continue to trust you and your advice.

ENFP Children

prominent personality characteristics:

  • spontaneous
  • enthusiastic
  • proactive
  • talkative about their impressions
  • keen to relate to others
  • wide variety of interests

Tips

  • nurture healthy dom Ne by entertaining their impressions, participating in discussions, and showing openness to their ideas
  • nurture healthy aux Fi by respecting their feelings and encouraging them to take the more honorable road rather than the easier road
  • nurture healthy tert Te by teaching them to excel at the things they love to do, learning the knowledge and skills that they need along the way
  • nurture healthy inf Si by helping them process negative events, accept mistakes, and learn how to do better

Because ENFPs are easily carried away by inspiration, it is particularly important to avoid completely destroying their momentum, or else they might feel discouraged or start to hide their activities from you. Rather than forcing them to come to a complete stop, help them detail both the good and the bad in what they’re doing so that they understand the right direction to take and what _exactly_ it is that they need to stop doing and why.

ESTJ Children

prominent personality characteristics:

  • outgoing
  • rule enforcer
  • direct and hands-on
  • realistic to the core
  • likes to keep busy
  • very strong work ethic

Tips

  • nurture healthy dom Te by setting reasonable rules, boundaries, guidelines, expectations, and goals for conducting oneself in everyday life
  • nurture healthy aux Si by encouraging them to be methodical in their tasks, to follow proper procedures, and to develop consistent daily routines
  • nurture healthy tert Ne by teaching them to be flexible in the face of the unexpected and brainstorm effective ways of handling new situations
  • nurture healthy inf Fi by reminding them that every individual’s experience is different and should be respected for their relationships to thrive

Because ESTJs prefer life to be well-structured, it is particularly important to avoid exposing them to chaotic environments for too long, or else they might develop compulsive coping behaviors. Allow them enough time to build confidence through learning new rules and procedures incrementally.

ENTJ Children

prominent personality characteristics:

  • willful
  • assertive
  • outspoken
  • energetic leader
  • seeks the power of mastery
  • motivated by self-directed ambitions

Tips

  • nurture healthy dom Te by encouraging them to set goals, make plans, and devise strategies for achieving mastery of various skills
  • nurture healthy aux Ni by encouraging them to envision possibilities and put deeper thought into why they are aiming for a particular achievement
  • nurture healthy tert Se by encouraging them to enjoy the process, take challenges and obstacles in stride, and take pride in being adaptable
  • nurture healthy inf Fi by teaching them that their behavior is reflective of their moral character and that they can only earn genuine respect by being someone worthy of respect

Because ENTJs are resolute and respond primarily to reason, it is particularly important to avoid interfering with their plans without good reason, or else they might start to perceive you as someone to “handle” rather than an ally to work with. Respond directly to the content of what they are saying while setting aside the manner in which they are saying it. Meet their challenges by discussing/debating the merits of the ideas only.

ESFJ Children

prominent personality characteristics:

  • sociable
  • trusting
  • generous
  • emotionally expressive
  • purposeful approach to work
  • respects collective norms and traditions

Tips

  • nurture healthy dom Fe by treating them kindly and teaching them to create a warm, friendly, and inclusive social atmosphere
  • nurture healthy aux Si by encouraging them to be methodical in their tasks, to follow proper procedures, and to develop consistent daily routines
  • nurture healthy tert Ne by teaching them to be flexible in the face of the unexpected and brainstorm effective ways of handling new situations
  • nurture healthy inf Ti by encouraging them to step back from negative experiences and make sense of them through discussing why they happened

Because ESFJs value relationships and social rituals so much, it is particularly important to avoid exacerbating any people-pleasing behavior, or else they might easily get lost in unequal and unhealthy relationships. Help them to maintain proper balance between self and other by teaching them to set healthy boundaries and take on reasonable amounts of social responsibility. Nudge them back to self-care whenever you observe them floundering.

ENFJ Children

prominent personality characteristics:

  • warm
  • friendly
  • affectionate
  • verbalizes feelings
  • enjoys influencing/motivating people
  • very committed to social obligations

Tips

  • nurture healthy dom Fe by treating them equally, teaching them to socialize well, and encouraging them to create a sense of community
  • nurture healthy aux Ni by encouraging them to envision possibilities and put deeper thought into why they are aiming for a particular achievement
  • nurture healthy tert Se by encouraging them to enjoy the process, take challenges and obstacles in stride, and take pride in being adaptable
  • nurture healthy inf Ti by encouraging them to step back from life whenever they feel unhappy and properly address the real underlying reasons why

Because ENFJs are idealistic in their approach to life and relationships, it is particularly important to avoid exacerbating any unrealistic thinking, or else they might inadvertently do things to hurt themself or others. Help them avoid jumping to wrong conclusions by teaching them to take the time to visualize other possible ways of interpreting situations. Encourage them to value the truth, even when it goes against their feelings.